Applied Bio
Posted on January 1, 2016
Tags: biochem
1 ideal gas law
\[PV = nkT \text{ more specifically } PV = kT\sum_{j}n_j\]
\[Concentration = c_j = \frac{n_j}{V} \tag{identity of gas is disregarded}\]
Some people know it as \(PV = nRT\)
If quantity of gas \(n\) is constant while temperature \(T\) increases, the volume \(V\) of the gas will increase if pressure \(P\) remains constant.
2 Conductor and Insulators
- Insulators : valence electrons are tightly bound to their atoms and it takes alot of energy to free them from their atomic energy levels. This makes it hard for electrons to move from one atom to another.
3 Question set Acid Base
- When a weak acid (HA) is titrated with NaOH in the presence of an indicator (HIn), the pH that causes the indicator to change color is correlated to when HIn is converted to In- and this depends on the pKa of the indicator
- does not depend on final concentration of HA
- does not depend on final concentration of HIn
- does not depend on initial concentration of HA
- If you want to add HCl to a solution containing Pb(NO3)2(aq). To determine how much Pb2+ will precipate from the solution when HCl is added, you need to know the solubility of PbCl2 which is related to the solubility product constant Ksp of PbCl2.
4 Glyocolysis and Metabolism
The process below produces ATP or ATP-intermediataries
flowchart TB
A["Fatty acids + glycerol"]
B["Glucose + sugars"]
C["Amino acids"]
D["Acetyl CoA"]
E["Citric Acid cycle"]
F["Oxidative phosphorylation"]
A --> D
B --> D
C --> D
D --> E
E --> F
4.1 Anaerobic vs Aerobic
flowchart TB
A["Glucose"];
B["Pyruvate"];
C["Lactate"];
D["Acetyl CoA"];
A-->B;
B-- Anaerobic -->C;
B-- Aerobic -->D;
4.2 Methods
- QUESTION: How to tell what are the components of metabolic pathway.
- MARKER: Use isotopic tracer-label glucose with 14C
- DIFFERENCE: Use mutants that has dysfunctional pathway, aka a partially missing pathway.
- MEASURE: Use NMR spectrometer to measure appearance and disappearance of intermediates
4.3 Example inhibitors
Inhibitors of metabolism by inhibiting glycolysis
